Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs: A review

Table 2b The frequency of clinical signs described in 151 GME cases reported in the literature

Clinical signs	Number of cases
Head tilt	6
Circling	7
Nystagmus	1
Seizures	11
Behavioural changes	7
Depression	10
Ataxia	22
Gait abnormalities	16
Proprioceptive deficits	16
Postural reaction deficits	5
Dysmetria	11
Exaggerated reflexes	8
Tremors	6
Hyperaesthesia	15
Pelvic/thoracic limb paresis	17
Cranial nerve deficits	17
Blindness/optic neuritis	15
Facial paralysis	1
Febrile	19
Cervical pain	37
Forebrain	25
Brainstem	15
Vestibular	13
Cortical	11
Cerebellar/vestibular	10
Myelopathies	7
Spinal cord	4
Cerebellar	3

It should be noted that these numbers represent an approximation only. The major limitation is that papers vary in the details given and in their classification of the clinical signs. Some listed the specific clinical signs, others listed the affected regions of the brain. Here the signs are listed as they were given in the papers (from [8, 19, 2, 16, 3, 32, 39, 27, 21, 33, 40, 24, 15]).

ISSN: 2046-0481