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Table 1 pH, acid-binding capacity (ABC) and buffering capacity (BUF) of some commonly used feed ingredients (mean ± s.d.)

From: Measurements of the acid-binding capacity of ingredients used in pig diets

Ingredient

N1

pH2

ABC-43

ABC-34

BUF-45

BUF-36

Milk

      

Acid casein

1

3.9

0

200

0

222

Sows milk

2

8.1 ± 0.04

481 ± 1.0

650 ± 70.7

118 ± 0.8

128 ± 14.8

Whey powder

9

6.6 ± 0.31

434 ± 99.9

714 ± 149.3

168 ± 36.5

199 ± 39.9

Milk replacer

4

6.7 ± 0.22

579 ± 54.6

892 ± 97.8

214 ± 38.1

240 ± 40.6

Skim milk

3

7.1 ± 0.20

756 ± 59.6

1105 ± 108.7

242 ± 29.4

268 ± 35.4

Rennet casein

3

8.1 ± 0.06

1423 ± 35.5

1929 ± 76.9

348 ± 4.0

379 ± 11.1

Cereals

      

Oat flakes

1

6.7

72

180

27

49

Wheat

12

6.9 ± 0.12

108 ± 14.9

194 ± 15.8

37 ± 5.0

50 ± 3.7

Pin head oats

1

5.5

81

239

56

97

Barley screenings

1

6.7

104

240

39

65

Maize starch

6

7.0 ± 0.78

91 ± 45.6

202 ± 58.5

29 ± 11.4

51 ± 13.5

Maize

8

6.7 ± 0.24

111 ± 35.8

254 ± 53.1

41 ± 10.6

68 ± 11.1

Barley

14

6.6 ± 0.18

113 ± 14.3

266 ± 43.1

43 ± 3.6

73 ± 10.5

Flaked maize

1

7.6

240

424

67

92

Corn distillers

8

4.4 ± 0.17

96 ± 38.6

438 ± 42.9

262 ± 75.4

317 ± 56.3

Pollard

12

6.9 ± 0.29

292 ± 20.6

572 ± 24.0

100 ± 12.1

146 ± 14.7

Root and pulp products

      

Sugar

2

5.8 ± 0.06

23 ± 8.4

98 ± 11.8

13 ± 5.2

36 ± 3.5

Cassava

1

5.5

167

393

110

156

Beet pulp

1

6.0

191

480

98

163

Molasses

10

6.1 ± 0.08

399 ± 37.6

790 ± 45.5

190 ± 19.1

255 ± 16.9

Citrus pulp

13

6.8 ± 0.08

373 ± 25.4

873 ± 49.9

135 ± 8.1

232 ± 12.2

Vegetable protein

      

Milo distillers

1

4.1

14

276

174

256

Beans

1

6.8

275

473

98

125

Palm kernal

9

5.9 ± 0.10

250 ± 38.2

485 ± 51.5

132 ± 23.2

167 ± 20.2

Peas

10

6.8 ± 0.11

278 ± 24.0

515 ± 43.1

98 ± 9.8

134 ± 12.7

Lupins

1

6.2

337

645

156

204

Maize gluten

15

4.4 ± 0.07

114 ± 19.7

571 ± 79.4

334 ± 73.1

424 ± 71.4

Full fat soya

10

6.9 ± 0.28

480 ± 43.5

823 ± 62.2

166 ± 13.9

212 ± 16.8

Sunflower meal

11

6.7 ± 0.19

482 ± 52.7

852 ± 91.4

180 ± 14.7

231 ± 16.4

Sycomil

1

7.5

622

959

180

216

Rapeseed meal

12

6.3 ± 0.11

498 ± 49.3

945 ± 65.2

215 ± 20.5

284 ± 21.2

Soybean meal

12

7.1 ± 0.06

642 ± 51.1

1068 ± 74.0

210 ± 18.0

263 ± 20.2

Meat and fishmeal

      

Meat and bone meal

1

6.6

595

920

214

243

Fishmeal

10

6.7 ± 0.37

738 ± 219.3

1457 ± 334.5

285 ± 96.8

404 ± 105.9

Fat

      

Fat

1

4.9

16

137

17

72

Fat blend

1

6.6

363

609

138

168

Medication

      

Spiratet

1

5.6

114

340

73

133

Choline chloride

12

6.7 ± 0.52

101 ± 68.6

226 ± 136.0

37 ± 23.5

61 ± 35.8

Tylamix

1

7.0

370

610

123

152

Microbial protein

      

Yeast

1

3.4

150

130

-250

325

Amino acids

      

Lysine

11

6.5 ± 0.38

123 ± 23.3

695 ± 124.3

50 ± 6.0

200 ± 22.5

Tryptophan

8

7.0 ± 0.23

179 ± 17.1

1024 ± 90.8

60 ± 4.6

258 ± 25.4

Methionine

9

6.5 ± 0.34

192 ± 75.9

1219 ± 267.0

77 ± 23.0

349 ± 52.5

Threonine

11

6.5 ± 0.22

218 ± 57.6

1386 ± 354.2

86 ± 17.2

391 ± 83.4

Minerals

      

Ferrous sulphate

3

3.2 ± 0.09

-655 ± 18.1

93 ± 53.2

-821 ± 77.3

456 ± 96.2

Salt

6

7.5 ± 0.18

83 ± 21.5

162 ± 37.5

24 ± 6.8

36 ± 9.1

Copper sulphate

3

5.1 ± 0.06

92 ± 3.3

269 ± 9.2

80 ± 7.1

125 ± 0.6

Cobalt sulphate

3

7.4 ± 0.04

329 ± 6.5

516 ± 9.7

97 ± 3.0

117 ± 1.5

Monammonium phosphate

3

4.2 ± 0.05

46 ± 10.5

815 ± 40.1

247 ± 13.2

687 ± 33.8

Ferrous oxide

3

8.7 ± 0.16

549 ± 78.5

986 ± 78.6

117 ± 15.8

173 ± 12.5

Mould curb

1

5.3

2517

3460

2014

1538

Finisher minerals and vitamins

3

5.2 ± 0.04

3357 ± 305.5

5123 ± 303.9

2772 ± 194.7

2317 ± 104.8

Weaner minerals and vitamins

3

5.2 ± 0.03

4292 ± 1008.9

6302 ± 1054.0

3472 ± 765.1

2819 ± 448.8

Dicalcium phosphate

5

7.6 ± 0.19

3098 ± 1028.5

5666 ± 1852.4

857 ± 293.7

1234 ± 431.2

Sow minerals and vitamins

3

5.3 ± 0.05

5413 ± 216.4

7503 ± 132.3

4182 ± 300.5

3268 ± 117.1

Potassium citrate

3

8.6 ± 0.07

5703 ± 1.6

7851 ± 13.6

1251 ± 19.0

1412 ± 19.1

Mono dicalcium phosphate

9

4.4 ± 0.26

291 ± 159.5

5494 ± 2574.3

1302 ± 980.8

4400 ± 2564.3

Sodium citrate

3

8.4 ± 0.19

6334 ± 13.6

8745 ± 20.5

1449 ± 66.9

1628 ± 58.6

Defluorinated phosphate

3

9.9 ± 0.09

6412 ± 1032.9

10436 ± 337.5

1085 ± 161.0

1511 ± 28.9

Calcium formate

3

7.4 ± 0.15

3983 ± 97.9

12069 ± 409.7

1182 ± 29.6

2760 ± 18.3

Manganese oxide

3

8.8 ± 0.07

6678 ± 1045.7

10887 ± 2264.6

1400 ± 210.9

1887 ± 381.9

Sodium bicarbonate

3

8.7 ± 0.44

12566 ± 554.1

12870 ± 399.1

2706 ± 147.4

2280 ± 110.3

Limestone flour

13

8.9 ± 0.46

12932 ± 21883

15044 ± 2125.4

2661 ± 479.8

2565 ± 380.6

Zinc oxide

3

8.3 ± 0.19

16321 ± 11701

17908 ± 1100.9

3768 ± 193.0

3363 ± 238.0

Acid

      

Orthophosphoric acid

3

1.6 ± 0.02

-8858 ± 168.2

-7957 ± 204.5

-3665 ± 54.5

-5616 ± 97.4

Fumaric acid

3

2.3 ± 0.06

-10862 ± 469.6

-4093 ± 669.7

-6314 ± 54.6

-5659 ± 478.7

Formic acid

3

2.3 ± 0.03

-13550 ± 765.0

-3473 ± 110.3

-7824 ± 572.9

-4745 ± 344.7

Citric acid

5

2.2 ± 0.03

-5605 ± 202.2

-2349 ± 164.3

-3156 ± 89.9

-3024 ± 97.5

Ascorbic acid

3

2.8 ± 0.03

-217 ± 28.6

-2249 ± 77.0

-177 ± 19.4

-10159 ± 1048.2

Malic acid

3

2.2 ± 0.15

-7214 ± 694.6

-2550 ± 769.0

-4084 ± 575.8

-3242 ± 333.0

Lactic acid

3

2.4 ± 0.02

-5079 ± 53.9

-1498 ± 23.7

-3129 ± 63.0

-2405 ± 111.3

Acetic acid

3

2.9 ± 0.02

-2283 ± 104.1

-141 ± 24.9

-2011 ± 133.1

-1031 ± 33.6

Propionic acid

3

3.0 ± 0.01

-1358 ± 276.5

-5 ± 8.2

-1348 ± 259.6

-238 ± 412.4

Sorbic acid

1

3.5

-220

120

-400

267

  1. 1Number of samples. 2Initial pH of sample. 3Acid binding capacity to pH 4.0. 4Acid binding capacity to pH 3.0. 5Buffering capacity to pH 4.0. 6Buffering capacity to pH 3.0