Table 2 Preventive management measures between birth and weaning of calves that are to be retained in the herd

• Calves are fed colostrum from their own dam only

• Calves are fed artificial milk replacer instead of cow's milk (except colostrum)

• After each feeding, milk buckets are thoroughly cleaned with hot water (>40°C), or each calf has its own bucket

• The water supply of calves is not connected to the water supply of adult cattle, such that cross contamination can occur, and calves are not supplied with surface water

• Calves are never grazed on fields or fed grass or grass silage harvested from fields on which, earlier that year, adult cattle have grazed or slurry from adult cattle has been applied

• Calves are fed roughage in a trough that has been positioned in a way that prevents contamination of roughage with faeces of adult cattle

• Calves are housed in a separate barn or separate compartment of a barn and pastured separately, without any contact with (faeces of) adult cattle

• In the barn or compartment in which calves are housed, separate clothing and boots are used (to prevent contamination with faeces of adult cattle), or calves are taken care of by a different stockman than the adult herd

• Calves are never in contact with (faeces of) sheep or goats, and never grazed on fields in which sheep or goats have been grazed or to which sheep or goat manure has been applied in the same year