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Table 3 Indicators of placental failure, detectable by ultrasound, in late gestation of the mare (adapted from Reimer, 1997 and Troedsson and Macpheron, 2006)

From: Ascending placentitis in the mare: A review

Anomalies detectable by ultrasound

Noticeable abnormality of foetus, foetal position or foetal activity

Increases or decreases in foetal heart rate

Accumulation of fluid between chorioallantoic membrane and endometrium - leads to placental separation

Thickened placenta

Abnormalities of the umbilical cord

Greatly increased or reduced allantoic or amniotic fluids

Increased echogenicity of the allantoic and amniotic fluids