Table 2 Feline emotions ethogram/guide [32,33,34,35,36, 38,39,40]

Fear

Wide open eyes [35, 39] with round dilated pupils [35].^a

Blinking or half blinking [38].

Or eyes tightly shut [39] or avoidance of eye contact [33, 36, 39].

Gaze to left in mild fear states [38].

Flattened [34] to the side [33, 35, 36] or back [32, 35, 36, 38].

Ear pinnae are not visible [35].

Tucked under the body or wrapped around it [32, 36, 39].

Piloerectio n[36, 39].

Tense muscles [39].

Crouching [32, 38, 39].

Lowered head [36, 39]

Standing with arched back [35].

Left head turn in mild fear [38].

Vigilance [39].

Startle [39].

Trembling [32, 39].

Freezing [32, 38, 39].

Hiding [32, 38, 39].

Fleeing/avoidance [32, 38, 39].

Grooming [32].

No maintenance behaviours (eating, drinking, elimination)/sleep [39].

MODERATE

HIGH

Anger/Rage

Pupils oblong and dilated [35].^a

Direct stare [32, 35, 36].

Swivelled sideways [33,34,35]. Inner pinnae are visible [35].

Lowered and rigid [35]. Held in inverted L shape [36].

Slapping against ground [32].

Rapidly moved from side to side (or up and down) [32] (Tail lash [33]).

Piloerection [32, 36] along spine and tail [36].

Leaning forward [36].

Elevated rump [36].

Standing with arched back [35].

Exposing teeth [32].

Launching at/chasing individual [32].

Attacking with paws or mouth [32].

Displace others [32].

HIGH

HIGH

Joy/Play

Pupils dilated/round due to arousal [35].^a

Or relaxed/soft [32].

Upright and forward facing [36].

Vertical [33]. May take an inverted U shape [35].

“Play face” in kittens: a half- open mouth [32, 40].

Arching spine [32, 40].

Body posture varies.

Locomotor play [40]

Climbing [40]. Running.

Social play [40]

Approaching cat [40].

Jumping [40].

Patting, pawing playmate [40].

Grabbing playmate with forelimbs [40].

Biting playmate [40].

Rolling/presenting belly [32, 40].

Wrestling playmate [40].

Kicking/raking playmate [40].

Chasing playmate [40].

Side stepping or running away from playmate [40].

Object play [40]

Rearing to reach object [40].

Pawing [25, 40], batting object [40].

Holding object with paws [40].

Sniffing, licking object [40].

Biting [25, 40], chewing object [40].

Throwing object [40].

Wrestling with object [40].

Predatory: Stalking, chasing, jumping, pouncing on object [40].

MODERATE

MODERATE

Contentment

Pupils are small miotic vertical ovals [35].^a

Half open [36].

Upright and forward facing [32, 36].

Tail relaxed and still [36].

May be erect and slightly curled [32, 35].

Sitting [32].

Lying curled up in circular formation [32].

Stretching [32].

Yawning [32].

Grooming self or other (allogrooming) [32].

Kneading/treading paws [32].

Friendly greeting (nose touching/sniffing, head butting, rubbing face and body against object/individual-allorubbing) [32].

Rolling onto back or from side to side [32].

Nuzzling [32].

Eating [32].

Clawing object [32].

LOW

LOW

Interest

Dilated/round pupils [35].^a

Gaze to right [38].

Observing an individual or object [32].

Upright and directed forward towards stimulus [32, 36].

Ear flick [36].

Depends on context.

Horizontal [33].

Tail up/vertical in friendly greeting [33].

Standing on hindlimbs [32].

Resting forepaws against object [32].

Stretching head out forward [36].

Head turn to right [38].

Exploring the area or objects [32].

[32]Sniffing .

Lickin g[32].

Pawing [32].

Friendly greeting (touching noses with another cat or rubbing face & body against object/individual-allorubbing) [32].

Hunting (stalking, chasing, pouncing, grabbing, biting) [32].

MODERATE

MODERATE